References
Below, we have answered some of the most common questions you might have.
Learn More About Neurofeedback & Brain Performance Solutions
This section will feature general research studies and articles that explore the science behind neurofeedback and its role in improving brain performance.
QEEG, Neurofeedback and Biofeedback
Sitaram, R. et al. (2017). Closed-loop brain training: the science of neurofeedback. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 18, 86–100.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2016.164
Wigton, N., & Krigbaum, G. (2015). A Review of qEEG-Guided Neurofeedback. NeuroRegulation, 2(3), 149–155.
https://doi.org/10.15540/nr.2.3.149
Ros, T. et al. (2014). Tuning pathological brain oscillations with neurofeedback: A systems neuroscience framework. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8(December), Article 1008.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.01008
Ghaziri, J. et al. (2013). Neurofeedback training induces changes in white and gray matter. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience, 44(August 2016), 265–72.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1550059413476031
Thatcher, R. W. et al. (2003). Sensitivity and Specificity of on EEG Normative Database: Validation and Clinical Correlation. Journal of Neurotherapy, 7, 87–121.
https://doi.org/10.1300/J184v07n03_05
Hughes, J. R., & John, E. R. (1999). Conventional and quantitative electroencephalography in psychiatry. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 11(2), 190–208.
https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.11.2.190
Shaffer, F. et al. (2014). A healthy heart is not a metronome: an integrative review of the heart’s anatomy and heart rate variability. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(September), 1040.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01040
Child, Teen & Adult ADHD
Arns, M. et al. (2009). Efficacy of neurofeedback treatment in ADHD: the effects on inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity: a meta-analysis. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience 40(3), 180–189.
https://doi.org/10.1177/155005940904000311
Sherlin, L. et al. (2010). A Position Paper on Neurofeedback for the Treatment of ADHD. Journal of Neurotherapy, 14(2), 66–78.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10874201003773880
Gevensleben, H. et al. (2009). Is neurofeedback an efficacious treatment for ADHD? A randomised controlled clinical trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(7), 780–789.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02033.x
Gevensleben, H. et al. (2010). Neurofeedback training in children with ADHD: 6-month follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 19, 715–724.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-010-0109-5
Beauregard, M., & Lévesque, J. (2006). Functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of the effects of neurofeedback training on the neural bases of selective attention and response inhibition in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 31(1), 3–20.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-006-9001-y
Lévesque, J. et al. (2006). Effect of neurofeedback training on the neural substrates of selective attention in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroscience Letters, 394, 216–221.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2005.10.100
Snyder, S. M. et al. (2015). Integration of an EEG biomarker with a clinician’s ADHD evaluation. Brain and Behavior, 5(4), e00330.
https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.330
Wigton, N. L., & Krigbaum, G. (2015). Attention, Executive Function, Behavior, and Electrocortical Function, Significantly Improved with 19-Channel Z-Score Neurofeedback in a Clinical Setting: A Pilot Study. Journal of Attention Disorders, First published date: March-30-2015.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054715577135
Bakhshayesh, A. R. et al. (2011). Neurofeedback in ADHD: a single-blind randomized controlled trial. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 20(9), 481-491.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-011-0208-y
Duric, N. S. et al. (2012). Neurofeedback for the treatment of children and adolescents with ADHD: a randomized and controlled clinical trial using parental reports. BMC Psychiatry, 12:107.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-12-107
Meisel, V. et al. (2013). Neurofeedback and standard pharmacological intervention in ADHD: A randomized controlled trial with six-month follow-up. Biological Psychology, 95(1), 116-125.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.09.009
Janssen, T. W. P., Bink, M. Geladé, K., Van Mourik, R., Maras, A., & Oosterlaan, J. (2016). A randomized controlled trial into the effects of neurofeedback, methylphenidate, and physical activity on EEG power spectra in children with ADHD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 57(5), 633-644.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12517
Fuchs, T., Birbaumer, N. Lutzenberger, W., Gruzelier, J. H., & Kaiser, J. (2003). Neurofeedback Treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children: A Comparison with Methylphenidate. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 28(1),-12.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022353731579
Steiner, N. J., Frenette, E. C., Rene, K. M., Brennan, R. T., & Perrin, E. C. (2014). In-School Neurofeedback Training for ADHD: Sustained Improvements From a Randomized Control Trial. Pediatrics, 133(3), 483–492.
https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-2059
Anxiety & Depression
Dreis, S. M. et al. (2015). Using Neurofeedback to Lower Anxiety Symptoms Using Individualized qEEG Protocols: A Pilot Study. NeuroRegulation, 2(3), 137.
https://doi.org/10.15540/nr.2.3.13
Linden, D. E. J., et al. (2012). Real-Time Self-Regulation of Emotion Networks in Patients with Depression, 7(6).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.003811
Walker, J. (2013). QEEG-Guided Neurofeedback for Anger/Anger Control Disorder. Journal of Neurotherapy, 17(February 2012), 88–92.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10874208.2012.70576
Kopřivová, J. et al. (2013). Prediction of Treatment Response and the Effect of Independent Component Neurofeedback in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Randomized, Sham-Controlled, Double-Blind Study. Neuropsychobiology, 67, 210–223.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000347087
Walker, J. E. (2009). Anxiety Associated with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder—The Role of Quantitative Electroencephalograph in Diagnosis and in Guiding Neurofeedback Training to Remediate the Anxiety. Biofeedback, 37(2), 67–70.
https://doi.org/10.5298/1081-5937-37.2.67
Chalmers, J. A. et al. (2014). Anxiety Disorders Are Associated with Reduced Heart Rate Variability: A Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 5(July), 1–11.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00080
Karavidas, M. (2008). Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback for Major Depression. Biofeedback, 36(1), 18–21.
http://www.resourcenter.net/images/AAPB/Files/Biofeedback/2008/biof_hrv_depression.pdf
Autism
Third Party Scientific Evidence
Pineda, J. A. et al. (2014). Neurofeedback training produces normalization in behavioural and electrophysiological measures of high-functioning autism. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 369(1644), 20130183.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0183
Pop-Jordanova, N. et al. (2010). QEEG characteristics and spectrum weighted frequency for children diagnosed as autistic spectrum disorder. Nonlinear Biomedical Physics, 4, 4.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-4631-4-4
Coben, R. et al. (2010). Neurofeedback for Autistic Spectrum Disorder: A Review of the Literature. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback, 35(1), 83–105.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-009-9117-y
Kouijzer, M. E. J. et al. (2009). Neurofeedback improves executive functioning in children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 3(1), 145–162.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2008.05.001
Chan, A. S. et al. (2007). Quantitative electroencephalographic profiles for children with autistic spectrum disorder. Neuropsychology, 21(October), 74–8.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.21.1.74
Memory
Fotuhi, M., et al. (2016). A Personalized 12-week “Brain Fitness Program” for Improving Cognitive Function and Increasing the Volume of Hippocampus in Elderly with Mild Cognitive Impairment. The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease, 2, 1–5.
https://doi.org/10.14283/jpad.2016.92
Guez, J. et al. (2014). Influence of electroencephalography neurofeedback training on episodic memory: A randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind study. Memory, 23(June), 1–12.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2014.921713
Thornton, K. E., & Carmody, D. P. (2013). The Relation Between Memory Improvement and QEEG Changes in Three Clinical Groups as a Result of EEG Biofeedback Treatment. Journal of Neurotherapy, 17(2), 116–131.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10874208.2013.78518
Migraines
Walker, J. E. (2011). QEEG-guided neurofeedback for recurrent migraine headaches. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience, 42(1), 59–61.
https://doi.org/10.1177/155005941104200112
Stokes, D. A., & Lappin, M. S. (2010). Neurofeedback and biofeedback with 37 migraineurs: a clinical outcome study. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 6(9).
https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-6-9
Gass, J. J., & Glaros, A. G. (2013). Autonomic Dysregulation in Headache Patients. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 38(4), 257–263.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-013-9231-
Sleep
Cortoos, A. et al. (2010). An exploratory study on the effects of tele-neurofeedback and tele-biofeedback on objective and subjective sleep in patients with primary insomnia. Applied Psychophysiology Biofeedback, 35(2), 125–134.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-009-9116-z
Hammer, B. U. et al. (2011). Neurofeedback for insomnia: A pilot study of Z-score SMR and individualized protocols. Applied Psychophysiology Biofeedback, 36(4), 251–264.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-011-9165-y
Schabus, M. et al. (2014). Enhancing sleep quality and memory in insomnia using instrumental sensorimotor rhythm conditioning. Biological Psychology, 95, 126–134.